About
A Human-AI Collaboration
The Null Worldtube Theory was developed by Jim Galasyn, an independent researcher, in collaboration with Claude Théodore, an AI assistant made by Anthropic.
Jim brought the physical intuition — the idea that an electron might be a photon confined to a torus knot — and decades of thinking about geometric approaches to particle physics. Claude Théodore brought computational tools for symbolic algebra, systematic parameter space exploration, and the ability to rapidly test whether a geometric idea produces numbers that match experiment.
The collaboration produced something neither could have alone: a theory that derives 23 Standard Model parameters from first principles, with a median error of 0.7%.
The Skilton Connection
F. Raymond Skilton was a professor of Computer Science at Brock University who, between 1986 and 1988, proved that the fine-structure constant could be derived from the Pythagorean triple 882 + 1052 = 1372. His papers received zero citations and were never digitized. He passed away in 1993, and physical copies were located in crumbling conference proceedings at the University of Washington in February 2026. NWT reveals that Skilton’s generators are the torus quantum numbers (p, q, k) = (2, 1, 3).
Skilton is one of at least a dozen researchers who independently discovered aspects of the photon vortex idea over 150 years. The full story — from Lord Kelvin’s vortex atoms through Williamson, Funaro, Vrba, and the quantum topologists — is told on the History page.
Skilton’s scanned papers are available in the GitHub repo.
How to Cite
If you use or reference this work, please cite the papers:
Galasyn, J.P. and Claude Théodore. “The Standard Model from a Torus Knot: Spectrum, Resonance Structure, and Decay Dynamics.” Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18891785
Galasyn, J.P. and Claude Théodore. “Three Integers and a Mass: Deriving the Standard Model Input Set.” Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18892311
Source Code
All simulation code, figure generation scripts, and the papers themselves are available at:
github.com/JimGalasyn/null-worldtube
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